Which playwright is considered the father of modern drama and is known for exploring social and political themes in his works?

The designation of the father of modern drama is widely attributed to Henrik Ibsen due to his pivotal role in the evolution of theatrical practices and themes in the late 19th century. Ibsen's plays often delve into social issues and political concerns, challenging the societal norms of his time. His works, such as "A Doll's House" and "Ghosts," exemplify his focus on individual struggles against societal expectations, as well as the moral dilemmas faced by characters in their quest for personal freedom. This emphasis on realism and psychological depth marked a significant departure from the melodramatic traditions that preceded him, establishing new standards for contemporary theater.

In contrast, the other figures listed have made significant contributions to literature but do not specifically focus on drama in the same revolutionary way as Ibsen. Henry James is known for his novels and psychological narrative style, while James Joyce is celebrated for his groundbreaking approaches to narrative form in his prose, particularly in works like "Ulysses." Franz Kafka, recognized for his surreal and often existential themes, focused primarily on short stories and novels rather than plays. Therefore, while these authors have been influential in their respective genres, it is Ibsen's work in drama that has solidified his reputation as