Which philosopher is known for saying that relationships with God require suffering?

Søren Kierkegaard is renowned for his exploration of the complexities of faith and the relationship between individuals and God, particularly emphasizing the role of suffering in that relationship. Kierkegaard believed that true faith often involves grappling with doubt, anxiety, and the existential struggles of life. He posited that through suffering, individuals could achieve a deeper understanding of themselves and their relationship with the divine. This idea is encapsulated in his concept of the "leap of faith," where embracing uncertainty and adversity can lead to a more profound and authentic connection with God.

In contrast, while Martin Heidegger, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Edmund Husserl each made significant contributions to philosophy, their works do not center on the notion of suffering as integral to the relationship with God in the same way Kierkegaard’s does. Heidegger focused on existentialism and the experience of being. Nietzsche is known for his critique of religion, particularly Christianity, and the idea of the "will to power." Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, concentrated on consciousness and the structures of experience without specifically addressing God's relationship with suffering. Therefore, Kierkegaard stands out for his reflection on how suffering is intertwined with faith and spirituality.