What is the primary focus of the novel "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" by Victor Hugo?

The primary focus of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" revolves around the tragic fate of its characters and how their destinies are intricately woven together, emphasizing themes of fate, love, and social injustice. Victor Hugo illustrates the interconnectedness of the characters—such as Quasimodo, Esmeralda, and Frollo—demonstrating how their lives are shaped by external forces beyond their control. The novel showcases how societal norms, personal desires, and moral conflicts lead to heart-wrenching outcomes, underscoring the inevitability of tragedy in human life.

While there are elements of social critique, romantic elements, and political struggles present in the narrative, the overarching theme centers on the tragic outcomes that arise from the characters' circumstances and decisions, highlighting the interplay between fate and individual actions. This understanding of the tragic nature of their stories is central to grasping Hugo's intent and the emotional weight of the novel.