What is a central theme of Henry James's novel "The Portrait of a Lady"?

A central theme of Henry James's novel "The Portrait of a Lady" is indeed the conflict between American individualism and European social customs. The novel centers around Isabel Archer, an American woman who travels to Europe and grapples with the differing values and expectations of her upbringing in America versus the societal pressures in Europe. Through Isabel's experiences and choices, James explores how the ideals of personal freedom and self-determination, often associated with American culture, clash with the more restrictive and tradition-bound nature of European society. This thematic conflict is pivotal in shaping Isabel's character and the decisions she ultimately makes regarding her life and relationships, reflecting the broader tensions between the two cultures.

While the other themes presented in the options may also resonate within the narrative, the primary focus of the novel centers on how these cultural differences inform the protagonist's journey and struggles. Thus, the exploration of individualism against social customs remains a critical lens through which to understand the text.